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To observe the impact of hormonal treatment (HT) on voiding patterns and renal circadian rhythms in postmenopausal women with and without nocturnal polyuria (NP). Conclusion: HT led to a significant reduction in both fluid intake and daytime frequency. In women without NP, HT led to a disruption of the circadian rhythms of water and salt diuresis. In patients with NP, a limited nor- malisation of the circadian rhythm of free water clearance was observed after three months of HT.

In an organized mammography screening programme interval cancers have a worse prognostic tumour profile than screen-detected cancers. Analysis of molecular subtype distributions versus breast density reveals a higher percentage of the triple-negative phenotype in low-density breasts. The observations support arguments against the prolongation of screening intervals in low-density breasts.

Breast cancer (BC) screening has been associated with reduced mortality and morbidity. This study compares tumor characteristics and treatment morbidity in screened versus diagnosed women. Materials and methods This retrospective study, conducted between 2010 and 2013, included 666 BC screened or diagnosed patients. We compared patients and tumors characteristics and received treatments. We also analyzed the results after excluding patients at risk of BC and conducted a multivariate analysis to assess odds ratios (OR). Results Screened women had smaller tumors (16,5 vs 22,6 mm, p<0.001), of lower grade (p<0.001) with a lower proliferation index (PI) (p<0.001) than diagnosed women. Screened women were more frequently treated using conservative surgery (82.8% vs 59.7%, p<0.001), needed less often axillary dissection (15.1% vs 35.4%, p<0.001) and less often chemotherapy (20.8% vs 48.3% p<0.001) than diagnosed women. In the multivariate analysis after adjustment for age and BC history, diagnosed women had increased (OR: 4.79, 95% IC: 3.19–7,18) risk to be administered chemotherapy and to undergo axillary dissection (OR: 4.18, 95% IC: 1.56–11.17) than screened women. Conclusion Patients should be informed about the benefts in terms of morbidity that screening confers to them.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), a condition affecting up to 1% of women by the age of 40 years, is characterized by an extremely low chance of spontaneous pregnancy. Currently, fertility restoration options are virtually nonexistent for this population.

To provide updated evidence-based guidelines for the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in Belgium. Osteoporosis screening using clinical risk factors should be considered. Patients with a recent (<2 years) major osteoporotic fracture were considered at very high and imminent risk of future fracture. The combination of bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and 10-year fracture risk was used to categorize patients as low or high risk. Patient education, the combination of weight-bearing and resistance training, and optimal calcium intake and vitamin D status were recommended. Antiresorptive and anabolic osteoporosis treatment should be considered for patients at high and very high fracture risk, respec- tively. Follow-up should focus on compliance, and patient-tailored monitoring should be considered. Conclusion: BBC guidelines and 25 guideline recommendations bridge the gap between research and clinical practice for the screening, diagnosis, and management of osteoporosis.

This prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study recruited 80 healthy postmenopausal women. We observed a trend towards lower insulin levels in an oral glucose tolerance test among women taking menopausal hormone therapy. The peak insulin levels in the women taking menopausal hormone therapy at the end of the study period were significantly lower than at baseline, with a non-significant trend towards a lower total area under the curve. Menopausal hormone therapy increased glucose levels.

To observe the impact of hormonal treatment (HT) on voiding patterns and renal circadian rhythms in postmenopausal women with and without nocturnal polyuria (NP). Conclusion: HT led to a significant reduction in both fluid intake and daytime frequency. In women without NP, HT led to a disruption of the circadian rhythms of water and salt diuresis. In patients with NP, a limited nor- malisation of the circadian rhythm of free water clearance was observed after three months of HT.

micronized progesterone or dydrogesterone are associated with lower breast cancer risk compared to other combined MHT regimens. Women with Idiopathic POI, FMR-1 premutation or Turner syndrome, if left untreated, may have lower breast cancer risk compared to the healthy age-matched female population. These women should be treated with MHT until the age of 50, as the risk of breast cancer is equal to that of normally menstruating women. Carriers of BRCA 1 & 2 mutation after risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO), without a personal his- tory of cancer, have an increased breast cancer risk, but may probably be treated with MHT till the age of 50. POI resulting from endometriosis or cancer related treatment is discussed in a sepa- rate paper in this issue. In peri- and postmenopausal women with menopausal symptoms and/or risk factors for osteoporosis in need of MHT, the individual breast cancer risk can be evaluated using internet-based calcula- tors. In most women the 5-year-breast cancer risk is low (6%). Oestrogen-only MHT and oestrogen-progestogen MHT containing micronized progesterone or dydrogesterone are associated with lower breast cancer risk compared to other combined MHT regimens. *

Postmenopausal hormone therapy (PMHT) is used for the relief of menopausal symptoms, but the dosage has varied greatly throughout its existence. By the end of the 1990s, PMHT was mainly used to prevent chronic diseases such as osteoporosis, coronary heart disease and dementia, and large prevention trials were undertaken in this context. Following the initial negative reports of these trials, use of PMHT dramatically decreased. These reports noted surprisingly increased risks, notably of coronary heart disease, stroke and breast cancer, in people who used PMHT. Nowadays, considering the currently available data, it seems that an important distinction should be made between the treatment of climacteric symptoms in young, generally healthy, postmenopausal women and the prevention of chronic diseases in elderly women. PMHT seems to be beneficial and safe for postmenopausal symptomatic women aged 70 years old) owing to the increased risk of stroke and breast cancer in these patients.

This prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study recruited 80 healthy postmenopausal women. We observed a trend towards lower insulin levels in an oral glucose tolerance test among women taking menopausal hormone therapy. The peak insulin levels in the women taking menopausal hormone therapy at the end of the study period were significantly lower than at baseline, with a non-significant trend towards a lower total area under the curve. Menopausal hormone therapy increased glucose levels.

Objective: This proof-of-concept study evaluated clinical efficacy and safety of the neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptor antagonist fezolinetant in PCOS. Methods: This was a phase 2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study (EudraCT 2014-004409-34). The study was conducted at 5 European clinical centers. Women with PCOS participated in the study. Interventions included fezolinetant 60 or 180 mg/day or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was change in total testosterone. Gonadotropins, ovarian hormones, safety and tolerability were also assessed. Results: Seventy-three women were randomly assigned, and 64 participants completed the study. Adjusted mean (SE) changes in total testosterone from baseline to week 12 for fezolinetant 180 and 60 mg/day were -0.80 (0.13) and -0.39 (0.12) nmol/L vs -0.05 (0.10) nmol/L with placebo (P < .001 and P < .05, respectively). Adjusted mean (SE) changes from baseline in luteinizing hormone (LH) for fezolinetant 180 and 60 mg/d were -10.17 (1.28) and -8.21 (1.18) vs -3.16 (1.04) IU/L with placebo (P < .001 and P = .002); corresponding changes in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were -1.46 (0.32) and -0.92 (0.30) vs -0.57 (0.26) IU/L (P = .03 and P = .38), underpinning a dose-dependent decrease in the LH-to-FSH ratio vs placebo (P .10). Fezolinetant was well tolerated. Conclusion: Fezolinetant had a sustained effect to suppress hyperandrogenism and reduce the LH-to-FSH ratio in women with PCOS. Keywords: dynorphin A neurons; gonadotropin-releasing hormone; kisspeptin; neurokinin 3 receptor; neurokinin B; polycystic ovary syndrome.

Ovulatory disorders are common causes of amenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding and infertility and are frequent manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). There are many potential causes and contributors to ovulatory dysfunction that challenge clinicians, trainees, educators, and those who perform basic, translational, clinical and epidemiological research. Similarly, therapeutic approaches to ovulatory dysfunction potentially involve a spectrum of lifestyle, psychological, medical and procedural interventions. Collaborative research, effective education and consistent clinical care remain challenged by the absence of a consensus comprehensive system for classification of these disorders. The existing and complex system, attributed to the World Health Organization (WHO), was developed more than three decades ago and did not consider more than 30 years of research into these disorders in addition to technical advances in imaging and endocrinology. This article describes the development of a new classification of ovulatory disorders performed under the aegis of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) and conducted using a rigorously applied Delphi process. The stakeholder organizations and individuals who participated in this process comprised specialty journals, experts at large, national, specialty obstetrical and gynecological societies, and informed lay representatives. After two face-to-face meetings and five Delphi rounds, the result is a three-level multi-tiered system. The system is applied after a preliminary assessment identifies the presence of an ovulatory disorder. The primary level of the system is based on an anatomic model (Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Ovary) that is completed with a separate category for PCOS. This core component of the system is easily remembered using the acronym HyPO-P. Each anatomic category is stratified in the second layer of the system to provide granularity for investigators, clinicians and trainees using the 'GAIN-FIT-PIE' mnemonic (Genetic, Autoimmune, Iatrogenic, Neoplasm; Functional, Infectious and Inflammatory, Trauma and Vascular; Physiological, Idiopathic, Endocrine). The tertiary level allows for specific diagnostic entities. It is anticipated that, if widely adopted, this system will facilitate education, clinical care and the design and interpretation of research in a fashion that better informs progress in this field. Integral to the deployment of this system is a periodic process of reevaluation and appropriate revision, reflecting an improved understanding of this collection of disorders.

In an organized mammography screening programme interval cancers have a worse prognostic tumour profile than screen-detected cancers. Analysis of molecular subtype distributions versus breast density reveals a higher percentage of the triple-negative phenotype in low-density breasts. The observations support arguments against the prolongation of screening intervals in low-density breasts.

micronized progesterone or dydrogesterone are associated with lower breast cancer risk compared to other combined MHT regimens. Women with Idiopathic POI, FMR-1 premutation or Turner syndrome, if left untreated, may have lower breast cancer risk compared to the healthy age-matched female population. These women should be treated with MHT until the age of 50, as the risk of breast cancer is equal to that of normally menstruating women. Carriers of BRCA 1 & 2 mutation after risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO), without a personal his- tory of cancer, have an increased breast cancer risk, but may probably be treated with MHT till the age of 50. POI resulting